Note: throughout this lesson you can always listen to how the words are pronounced by clicking on this image

In this lesson we will take the four consonants

'D'=

'R'=

'N'=

'S'= .

We start with an Example:

Observation:

1. The shape of these letters ( and the rest of the alphabets ) changes depending on their position in the word, whether:
   • in the beginning of the word (initial);
   • in the middle (medial);
   • or at the end (final).
2. ( N ) and ( S ) change shape in order to connect to the letter following it, they are connective consonents, whereas(D) and (R) are non-connective.

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So let's summarize using this two tables and then move to the practice:

In the case of non-connective letters:

	Initial	Medial		Final
		After non-connecter	After connector	After non-connecter	After connector
D
R

In the case of connective letters:

	Initial	Medial		Final
		After non-connecter	After connector	After non-connecter	After connector
N
S

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Practice:

1) case of D

a)in the begining of the word:

b)in the middle of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

c)at the end of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

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As you may have noticed the long vowels are written as follows:

	After non-connecter	After connector
aa
uu
ii

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2) case of R

a)in the begining of the word:

b)in the middle of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

c)at the end of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

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The absence of vowels in a word is called Sukun and is transcribed "a small circle" on top of the word

 

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3) case of N

a)in the begining of the word:

b)in the middle of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

c)at the end of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

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One last thing to note is that when the long vowel ii is in the middle of the word it is written as follows:

	After non-connecter	After connector
ii

 

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4) case of S

a)in the begining of the word:

b)in the middle of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

c)at the end of the word:

• After a connector
  
• After a non-connector
  

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Reading exercise:

Writing exercise Join the letters below as in the following example:

1. The shape of the letters changes depending on their position in the word (this includes the long vowels).
2. The absence of vowel is called sukun.

This table summarizes how the long vowles are written:

	Medial		Final
	After non-connecter	After connector	After non-connecter	After connector
aa
uu
ii

 

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